RESUMO: Avaliamos em condições de campo a toxicidade de inseticidas previamente identificados como nocivos em bioensaios de laboratório e semicampo sobre o parasitóide Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante as safras 2019/20 e 2020/21 em lavouras de arroz. Seguindo as recomendações da International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), quatro inseticidas foram aplicados em parcelas experimentais de 64 m2. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma liberação inundativa de T. pretiosum. Para verificar as taxas de parasitismo, aos 1, 2, 4 e 6 dias após a liberação (DAR) dos parasitoides, ovos do hospedeiro Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) foram ofertados. Após a determinação do número de ovos parasitados, os dados foram agrupados em um coeficiente de redução (Ex) para fornecer um resultado único para os efeitos dos inseticidas sobre o parasitoide. Tanto para as safras 2019/20 quanto 2020/21, verificou-se que em 2 DAR, ocorreram as maiores taxas de parasitismo. Em contraste, aos 6 DAR, não foram observadas taxas de parasitismo. Lambda-cialotrina, tiametoxam e zeta-cipermetrina foram classificados como moderadamente nocivos; tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina foi classificado como prejudicial. Seguindo as diretrizes da IOBC, a toxicidade desses produtos em condições de campo é inferior à obtida em laboratório ou semi-campo para o T. pretiosum. Entretanto, esses inseticidas devem ser evitados, ou utilizados em momentos que não coincidam com a liberação ou presença do parasitoide a campo.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated under field conditions the toxicity of insecticides previously identified as harmful in laboratory and semifield bioassays on the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were conducted during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 harvests in rice fields. Following the recommendations of the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), four insecticides were applied in 64 m2 experimental plots. Subsequently, T. pretiosum was released inundatively. To verify parasitism rates, at 1, 2, 4 and 6 days after release (DAR) of the parasitoids, eggs from the host Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were offered. After determining the number of parasitized eggs, the data were grouped into a reduction coefficient (Ex) to provide a single result for the effects of the insecticides on parasitoid. For both the 2019/20 and 2020/21 evaluated crops, it was found that at 2 DAR, the highest parasitism rates occurred. In contrast, in 6 DAR, no parasitism rates were observed. Lambda-cyhalothrin, thiamethoxam, and zeta-cypermethrin were classified as moderately harmful; thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was classified as harmful. Following IOBC guidelines, the toxicity of these products under field conditions is lower than that obtained in the laboratory or semi-field for the T. pretiosum. However, these insecticides should be avoided, or used at times that do not coincide with the release or presence of the parasitoid in the field.

ABSTRACT: The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) is the main insect pest of viticulture globally. Infestations can occur in the aerial part of the plant (gallicolae form) and roots (radicicolae form). In this study, the effect of insecticides on the populations suppression of the gall and root forms of phylloxera one vine was evaluated. For the gallicolous form, the thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g c.p./100L-1), flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL c.p./100L-1), and sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL c.p./100L-1) were evaluated in the field, under natural infestation, using rootstock plants ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). For the root stage, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using rooted seedlings of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) grown in pots artificially infested with 200 phylloxera eggs per plant. After 80 days of infestation, the thiamethoxam (0.2g p.c./plant), flupyradifurone (0.8mL p.c./plant), sulfoxaflor (0.3mL/plant) and imidacloprid (Proved 200 SC, 0.7 mL/plant) were applied via drench. For the gallicolae form, an application of the flupyradifurone provided a gall reduction of 90% at 28 days after the first application (DAFA). While for thiamethoxam, 3 applications were needed at weekly intervals to maintain the same level of control. For sulfoxaflor, a second application at 14 DAFA was necessary to provide a level of control above 90%. For the root stage, the insecticides sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid showed the best results, with 96 and 89% of control over nymphs and adults, respectively. The insecticides flupiradifurone and sulfoxaflor are suitable for the chemical control of phylloxera in the vine.

RESUMO: A filoxera-da-videira Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) é o principal inseto-praga da viticultura mundial. As infestações podem ocorrer na parte aérea (forma galícola) e raízes (forma radícola). Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de inseticidas na supressão de populações da forma galícola e radícola da praga em videira. Para a fase galícola, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g p.c/100L-1), flupiradifurona (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL p.c/100L-1) e sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL p.c/100L-1) foram avaliados a campo, sob infestação natural, utilizando plantas do porta-enxerto ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). Para a fase radícola foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação a partir de mudas enraizadas de ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera) cultivadas em vasos infestados artificialmente com 200 ovos da filoxera por planta. Após 80 dias da infestação, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (0,2g p.c./planta), flupiradifurona (0,8mL p.c. /planta), sulfoxaflor (0,3mL/planta) e imidacloprido (Provado 200 SC, 0,7 mL/planta) foram aplicados via drench. Para a fase galícola, uma aplicação do inseticida flupiradifurona proporcionou uma redução de galhas de 90% aos 28 dias após a primeira aplicação (DAPA). Enquanto que para o thiamethoxam, foram necessárias três aplicações em intervalos semanais para manter o mesmo nível de controle. Para o sulfoxaflor, foi necessária uma segunda aplicação aos 14 DAPA, para proporcionar um nível de controle acima de 90%. Para a fase radícola, os inseticidas sulfoxaflor e imidacloprido apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 96 e 89% de controle sobre ninfas e adultos respectivamente. Os inseticidas flupiradifurona e sulfoxaflor são alternativas aos neonicotinoides (imidacloprido e thiametoxam) para a supressão populacional da filoxera na cultura da videira.

Abstract Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) are considered the main pests of Brazilian fruit production. Understanding the behavior of species is of great importance for the success of management strategies. This study was to determine the period and search time by attractive food for A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults by using three commercial food attractants: BioAnastrepha™ 5%; Isca Samaritá Tradicional™ 5% and Ceratrap™ 1.5%. The largest catches of A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults in McPhail traps occurred during the day between 6:30 am and 6:30 pm for both species. The BioAnastrepha™ food attractant provided the largest catches compared to Isca Samaritá Tradicional™ and Ceratrap™. In addition, there was a higher prevalence of capturing females than males, for both flies’ species. The period of largest search activity for food attractant was observed from 12h:31 pm to 04:30 pm for A. fraterculus and C. capitata, time of greatest temperature on the day. The definition of the period of largest activity of A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults in the field helps in the elaboration of management strategies to be adopted.

Abstract Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is an insect of major economic importance in the mango orchards of the submedium of the São Francisco River Valley, the main area of mango production and exportation in Brazil. To provide alternatives for the management of C. capitata, toxic baits based on alpha-cypermethrin (Gelsura®) and spinosad (Success® 0.02 CB) were evaluated in three commercial mango experiments during two consecutive harvests: 2016/2017 (experiment 1 - area 1) and 2017/2018 (experiment 2 -area 2 and experiment 3 - area 3). According to the results, there was a large reduction in the infestation of C. capitata after five sequential applications of the alpha-cypermethrin (6 g.ha-1) and spinosad (0.38 g.ha-1) toxic baits performed at seven-day intervals during mango fruit ripening in all experiments and years (harvest) evaluated. Compared with the untreated plots, the plots with alpha-cypermethrin and spinosad applications showed a significant reduction in the damage induced (fallen fruits and/or on trees) by C. capitata. The management of C. capitata in mango orchards can include the use of the toxic bait based on alpha-cypermethrin, which represents an alternative to rotate with spinosad toxic bait in the São Francisco River Valley.

RESUMO: Duponchelia fovealis (ZELLER, 1847) é uma nova praga do morangueiro em todo o mundo. Visando desenvolver alternativas para seu manejo, objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade letal e a ação inibidora do desenvolvimento de formulações preparadas a partir de extratos etanólicos de sementes de espécies pré-selecionadas de Annona (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L. e Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.), ricos em acetogeninas, em comparação com um bioinseticida à base de limonoides [Azamax® 1,2 EC (azadiractina + 3-tigloil-azadiractol), controle positivo] sobre lagartas de D. fovealis. Emulsões aquosas preparadas a partir de extratos etanólicos de sementes de A. mucosa e de A. sylvatica e um bioinseticida à base de limonóide apresentaram baixa toxicidade letal para larvas de D. fovealis; no entanto, eles causaram uma inibição pronunciada de seu desenvolvimento larval. Assim, os efeitos combinados de toxicidade letal e subletal de formulações ricas em acetogeninas e do bioinseticida comercial à base de limonoides podem oferecer um caminho para novas estratégias de controle de D. fovealis em cultivos de morango, especialmente em sistemas de produção de base orgânica.

ABSTRACT: Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller, 1847) is a new pest of strawberry crops worldwide. To develop alternative strategies for its management, we assessed the lethal toxicity and growth inhibitory action of formulations prepared from ethanolic seed extracts of pre-selected species of Annona (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.), which were previously characterized by their high content of annonaceous acetogenins. In addition, the extracts were compared to a limonoid-based bioinsecticide [Azamax® 1.2 EC (azadirachtin + 3-tigloil-azadiractol), positive control] on D. fovealis larvae. Aqueous emulsions prepared from ethanolic seed extracts of A. mucosa and A. sylvatica and a limonoid-based bioinsecticide had low lethal toxicity to D. fovealis larvae; nevertheless, they caused a pronounced inhibition of their larval development. Thus, the combined effects of lethal and sublethal toxicity of acetogenin-rich formulations and the limonoid-based commercial bioinsecticide may offer a route to new control strategies of D. fovealis in strawberry crops, especially in organic-based production systems.

RESUMO: A drosófila-da-asa-manchada, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, é considerada o principal inseto-praga de pequenos frutos no mundo. A identificação de hospedeiros suscetíveis é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de infestação de D. suzukii em frutos de amoreira-preta, mirtileiro, morangueiro, araçazeiro e pitangueira cultivados na região no sul do Brasil e determinar os índices de infestação (II) por fruto. Os estudos foram realizados durante duas safras (2015/16 e 2016/17) em três áreas com cultivo orgânico de pequenas frutas. O maior nível de infestação natural de D. suzukii foi observado em amora-preta (40 a 65% de infestação) e morango (aproximadamente 30% de infestação). Em contraste, o mirtilo foi menos preferido (< 7% de infestação). Para as frutas nativas da região (araçá e pitanga), também ocorreu infestação da mosca, demonstrando serem hospedeiros potenciais para a multiplicação da praga nos períodos de entressafras. Em relação ao II, amoras e pitangas proporcionaram um maior número médio de insetos por grama de fruto (≈ 1,6 adultos de D. suzukii). Por outro lado, mirtilos e araçás apresentaram a menor relação de insetos emergidos por gramas de frutos (≈ 0,7 adultos por grama). O período entre final da primavera até meados do outono foi considerado ideal para a ocorrência da praga no campo. O conhecimento dos níveis de infestação natural é fundamental para o entendimento do comportamento da praga no campo, o que auxiliará no delineamento de estratégias de manejo.

ABSTRACT: The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is considered the main insect pest of small fruit in the world. Identifying susceptible hosts is essential to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to verify the level of D. suzukii infestation in blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, cattley guava and Surinam cherry fruits cultivated in the southern region in Brazil, and to determine the infestation index (II) per fruit. The studies were carried out during two harvests (2015/16 and 2016/17) in three areas with organic cultivation of small fruit. The highest level of D. suzukii natural infestation was observed in blackberry (40 to 65% infestation), and strawberry (approximately 30% infestation) fruits. In contrast, blueberries were less preferred (< 7% infestation). For native fruit of the region (cattley guava and Surinam cherry), it was also verified infestation of the fly, demonstrating they are hosts for multiplication in the off-season periods of the other crops. In relation to II, blackberry and Surinam cherry provided a higher average number of insects per gram of fruit (≈ 1.6 adults of D. suzukii). In contrast, blueberries and cattley guava had the lowest insect ratio per gram of fruit (≈ 0.7 adults per gram). The period between late spring to mid-autumn was considered ideal for the pest occurrence in the field. The knowledge of natural infestation levels is essential for understanding the behavior of the pest in the field, which will assist in the design of management strategies.

ABSTRACT Neotropical Annonaceae-derived bioinsecticides have shown promising control of insect pest species. In order to develop an alternative tool for control Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970), an important invasive pest of Brazilian orchards, this study investigated the insecticidal activity of a formulation prepared from ethanolic seed extract of different Annona species (Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L., and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.) at discriminatory concentration of 2000 mg L-1 in comparison with a limonoid-based bioinsecticide and a synthetic insecticide (spinetoram) as positive controls. In an ingestion and topical application bioassay, the formulation based on A. mucosa caused more than 95% mortality, which was equivalent to the mortality caused by the synthetic insecticide spinetoram. In a free-choice bioassay, A. mucosa (83%), bioinsecticide (88%) and synthetic insecticide (98%) produced a significant reduction in the number of eggs per fruit. In addition, formulations based on A. mucosa, A. sylvatica, A. muricata and bioinsecticide resulted in a 50% reduction in egg viability. In the field, A. mucosa and bioinsecticide negatively influenced the infestation by Z. indianus in figs, producing a significant reduction in the number of larvae per fruit (3.6 and 2.29 larvae per fruit, respectively) in relation to the control treatment (11 larvae per fruit). However, they were significantly inferior to the synthetic insecticide (0.71 larvae per fruit). Thus, A. mucosa, bioinsecticide and spinetoram have the potential to be used in the framework of Z. indianus management.

Abstract: Drosophila suzukii is one of the main pests of small fruits in the world. An effective monitoring is fundamental to detect the presence of the fly and to predict the infestation of fruits in new areas. We evaluated the food baits Ceratrap®, Torula®, Biofruit®, Suzukii Trap®, apple cider vinegar, and a homemade mixture comprising wine, vinegar and molasses (WVM) for D. suzukii attractiveness, and if reproductive stage affects females attraction and capture in the different baits. Bait selectivity of non-target insects was assessed. The preference of adults between ripe blackberry fruit and the food baits was also evaluated. Adults showed a higher attraction (61.97% of the captured insects) to the WVM mixture than to Ceratrap® (1.32%), Torula® (0.52%), Biofruit® (13.15%), Suzukii Trap® (17.6%), and apple vinegar (5.4%). Considering the attractiveness to D. suzukii, Suzukii Trap® and apple vinegar were the most selective to non-target insects. In general, reproductively immature females showed a preference for Biofruit®, apple vinegar, and WVM, whereas mature females did not show bait preferences. Adults preferred ripe blackberry fruit over the WVM mixture. Understanding the field behavior of D. suzukii is of foremost importance to estimate insect population density and outline pest management strategies.

Abstract To provide alternatives to the use of spraying synthetic insecticides in C. capitata management, was evaluated the effect of “attract and kill” toxic baits on population suppression of C. capitata in three commercial areas producing table grapes. Toxic baits of Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) and Success™ 0.02 CB (4.0 L ha-1) resulted in lower population levels of C. capitata adults in monitoring traps after five sequential applications at weekly intervals during the maturation period of the grapes when compared with control plots with or without insecticidal spray. In addition, plots with Gelsura™ and Success™ 0.02 CB applications showed a significant reduction in damage (%) by C. capitata on grape berries and grape bunches when compared with control plots without or with insecticidal spray. However, when compared with a plot treated by conventional management with sprays of etofenprox (Safety™, 100 g c.p. (commercial product) 100 L-1) and applications of spinosad (Success™ 0.02 CB toxic bait) with a brush, only Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) showed a lower level of damage of grape berries and grape bunches. Toxic baits Gelsura™ (4.5 L ha-1) and Success™ 0.02 CB (4.0 L ha-1) are promising alternatives for the population suppression of C. capitata on table grapes.

RESUMO Lobiopa insularis é uma das principais pragas da cultura do morangueiro, provocando danos diretos nos frutos, inviabilizando-os para o consumo e comercialização. Neste trabalho, foi estimada a temperatura base e as exigências térmicas das fases de ovo, larva, pupa e do ciclo biológico (ovo a adulto) de L. insularis. Os insetos foram criados em dieta artificial à base de frutos de morango maduros, nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31°C, utilizando câmaras climatizadas (70±10% U.R.; fotofase de 12h). O número de gerações anuais de L. insularis foi estimado para oito municípios pertencentes às principais regiões produtoras de morango no Brasil, por meio da temperatura base e da constante térmica. A velocidade de desenvolvimento de L. insularis aumentou com a elevação da temperatura. A faixa mais adequada para o desenvolvimento da espécie foi entre 22 e 25ºC. Com base nas exigências térmicas de L. insularis, o número de gerações anuais foi estimado entre cinco e sete de acordo com a região estudada.

ABSTRACT Lobiopa insularis is one of the main pests of strawberry crop, causing direct damage to fruit, making them unfeasible for consumption and commercialization. This study aimed to estimate, under laboratory conditions, base temperature and thermal requirements of the eggs, larvae, pupae and the biological cycle (from egg to adult) of L. insularis. Insects were reared on artificial diet based on strawberry fruits, at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C, using air-conditioned chambers (70±10% R.H.; 12 h photophase). The number of annual generations of L. insularis was estimated for eight municipalities belonging to the main strawberry growing regions in Brazil, considering base temperature and thermal constant. Development time of L. insularis was proportional to the temperature increase. The best development rate was obtained when insects were reared at 22 and 25ºC. Based on thermal requirements of L. insularis, the number of annual generations was estimated between 5 and 7 per year, according to the studied region.

RESUMO: O uso de inseticidas tem sido a principal ferramenta para o controle da Grapholita molesta (Busck) no Brasil, considerada uma das mais importantes pragas em pomares de macieira e pessegueiro. Para implementar um programa de Manejo de Resistência a Insetos (MRI), estudos foram conduzidos para estabelecer uma linha básica de suscetibilidade de G. molesta a inseticidas utilizados para o seu controle. Posteriormente, foi realizado o monitoramento da suscetibilidade a inseticidas em treze populações da praga provenientes do campo. Lagartas (0-24 horas de idade) foram expostas a inseticidas aplicados na superfície da dieta artificial. Verificou-se alta suscetibilidade de lagartas neonatas de G. molesta (população de laboratório) quando foram expostas aos inseticidas, com valores de CL50 (µg i.a./cm2) de 0,1 (espinetoram), 1,0 (metoxifenozida), 1,2 (clorantraniliprole), 4,8 (novaluron), 5,1 (tebufenozida), 11,3 (fosmete) e 222,5 (piriproxifem). Com base na CL99 (µg i.a./cm2), as concentrações diagnósticas de 0,6 (espinetoram), 5,5 (metaflumizona), 5,6 (clorantraniliprole), 19,6 (tebufenozida), 37,4 (fosmete), 37,8 (novaluron) e 2.011 (piriproxifem) ocasionaram alta mortalidade (> 95%) de neonatas provenientes de populações de campo. Essas concentrações diagnósticas poderão ser utilizadas em programas de monitoramento da resistência de G. molesta no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: The use of insecticides has been the main tool for Grapholita molesta (Busck) control in Brazil, which is considered one of the most important pests in apple and peach orchards. In order to implement an Insect Resistance Management (IRM) program, studies were conducted to characterize the baseline susceptibility of G. molesta to major insecticides for its control. Then, we conducted an insecticide susceptibility monitoring in thirteen field-collected populations of the pest. Neonates (0-24h old) were exposed to insecticides applied on surface of artificial diet. A high susceptibility was verified when neonates of the Laboratory population of G. molesta were exposed to insecticides with LC50 values (µg a.i./cm2) of 0.1 (spinetoram), 1.0 (metaflumizone), 1.2 (chlorantraniliprole), 4.8 (novaluron), 5.1 (tebufenozide), 11.3 (phosmet) and 222.5 (pyriproxyfen). Based on the LC99 (µg a.i./cm2), the diagnostic concentrations of 0.6 (spinetoram), 5.5 (metaflumizone), 5.6 (chlorantraniliprole), 19.6 (tebufenozide), 37.4 (phosmet), 37.8 (novaluron) and 2011 pyriproxyfen) caused high mortality (>95%) of neonates from field populations. These diagnostic concentrations will be used in resistance monitoring programs of G. molesta in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Healthy peach fruit is not considered a preferred host for Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura); however, it becomes a more preferable host when damaged. Thus, damaged peach fruit is of importance not only in terms of economic losses, but also because it serves as a reservoir for this fly species. This work aimed to evaluate the suitability of peaches mechanically damaged or harboring the brown rot disease as hosts for D. suzukii compared to hosts for which they have a low (undamaged peach) and high (undamaged strawberry) preference. Damaged peaches were as susceptible as undamaged strawberries. Fungus infection alone did not increase the susceptibility of peaches compared to undamaged peaches. This information should be considered when an Integrated Pest Management program is defined in a scenario of different species of fruit production.

RESUMO: Os percevejos Nezaraviridula (Linnaeus) e o Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) são considerados os principais insetos-pragas na cultura do trigo no Brasil. A utilização do fungo entomopatogênico Metarhiziumanisopliae (Metschnikoff) pode ser uma alternativa para o manejo destes insetos na cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a patogenicidade de diferentes isolados de M.anisopliae sobre adultos de N. viridula ou D. melacanthus em condições de laboratório e casa de vegetação. Em laboratório, os isolados 05RA, 11RA, 08RA e 02RA provenientes de adultos de N. viridula ou D. melacanthus, infestados a campo pelo fungo M. anisopliae, apresentaram elevada patogenicidade (100% de mortalidade) de ambas as espécies em bioensaio de aplicação tópica 8 dias após aplicação (DAA). Entretanto, o isolado 08RA apresentou a maior patogenicidade em um menor intervalo de tempo para N. viridula (Tempo Médio “TM” = 2,8 dias) e D. melacanthus (TM = 4,0 dias) em relação aos demais isolados. Em casa de vegetação, o isolado 08RA proporcionou mortalidade de 44,9% (N. viridula) e 35,7% (D. melacanthus) no mesmo período de avaliação. Contudo, aos 14 DAA, a mortalidade foi de 100% para ambas as espécies, com valores de TM de 8 dias e 10 dias para N. viridula e D. melacanthus, respectivamente. O fungo M. anisopliae constitui uma alternativa promissora de controle de adultos de N. viridula ou D. melacanthus na cultura do trigo.

ABSTRACT: Bugs such as Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) and Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) are considered the main insect pests of wheat crop in Brazil. The use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) may be an alternative for the management of these insects in the crop. The objective of this work was to verify the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. anisopliae on adults of N. viridula and D. melacanthus under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, isolates 05RA, 11RA, 08RA and 02RA were obtained from N. viridula and D. melacanthus infested with M. anisopliae. Also, a high pathogenicity (100% of mortality) of both species was recorded in a bioassay of the topical application 8 Days After Application (DAA). However, compared to the other isolates, the 08RA isolate showed the highest pathogenicity in a shorter time interval for N. viridula (Mean Time “MT” = 2.8 days) and D. melacanthus (MT = 4.0 days). Under greenhouse conditions, the 08RA isolate provided a mortality of 44.9% (N. viridula) and 35.7% (D. melacanthus) in the same evaluation period. However, at 14 DAA, the mortality was 100% for both species, with the MT values of N. viridula and D. melacanthus being obtained at 8 days and 10 days, respectively. The fungus M. anisopliae is a promising alternative for the control of adult N. viridula and D. melacanthus in wheat crop.

RESUMO: Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae ) é a principal praga-alvo dos eventos de milho YieldGard VT PRO(tm) (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2) e PowerCore(tm) (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F). Para subsidiar o manejo de resistência, avaliou-se a atividade biológica das proteínas de Bt expressas em diferentes estruturas dessas tecnologias de milho Bt contra S. frugiperda . Em discos de folha de milho YieldGard VT PRO(tm) e PowerCore(tm), houve mortalidade completa de neonatas de S. frugiperda . No entanto, em estilo-estigmas e grãos, a mortalidade foi inferior a 50% e 6%, respectivamente. Em adição, mais de 49% das larvas sobreviventes em estilos-estigmas e grãos completaram o ciclo biológico. No entanto, todos os parâmetros de tabela de vida de fertilidade foram negativamente afetados nos insetos que se desenvolveram em estilos-estigmas e grãos de milho Bt. A baixa atividade biológica das proteínas Bt expressas em estilos-estigmas e grãos de milho YieldGard VT PRO(tm) e PowerCore(tm) pode contribuir para a evolução de resistência em populações de S. frugiperda .

ABSTRACT: Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is the main target pest of Bt corn technologies, such as YieldGard VT PRO(tm) (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2) and PowerCore(tm) (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F). In this study, it was evaluated the biological activity of Bt proteins expressed in different plant structures of YieldGard VT PRO(tm) and PowerCore(tm) corn against S. frugiperda . Complete mortality of S. frugiperda neonates was observed on leaf-disc of both Bt corn technologies. However, the mortality in silks and grains was lower than 50 and 6%, respectively. In addition, more than 49% of the surviving larvae in silks and grains completed the biological cycle. However, all life table parameters were negatively affected in insects that developed in silks and grains of both Bt corn events. In summary, the low biological activity of Bt proteins expressed on silks and grains of YieldGard VT PRO(tm) and PowerCore(tm) corn can contribute to the resistance evolution in S. frugiperda populations.

The South American fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) is the main insect pest who causes damage on table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the South Region of Brazil. Plant extracts with insecticidal properties are an alternative to manage this specie on the culture, however, there are few information about your efficacy. On this study, we evaluated the effect of a commercial formulation based on rotenone and neem over A. fraterculus adults and larvae in the laboratory and field, compared with fenthion insecticide and a control (distilled water). In the laboratory, the commercial formulation based rotenone neem was similar to fenthion when A. fraterculus adults exposed via direct contact and ingestion 72 hours after treatment. However, this insecticide did not show effect (20% mortality) on A. fraterculus larvae inside ‘Italia’ grape berries when compared with fenthion insecticide (100% mortality). In a commercial vineyard, commercial formulation based on rotenone and neem provided mortality around 40%, lower than fenthion (100% mortality). Both insecticides did not prevent the A. fraterculus oviposition on berries. We conclude that commercial formulation based on rotenone and neem insecticide is efficient on adults of A. fraterculus but not provide larval mortality inside "Italia" table grape.

A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) é o principal inseto-praga que danifica as bagas de uvas de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.) na Região Sul do Brasil. Extratos de plantas com propriedades inseticidas são alternativas para o manejo da espécie na cultura, porém, poucas informações estão disponíveis sobre a eficácia dos compostos ofertados no mercado. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito de uma formulação comercial de inseticida a base de rotenona e nim (RN) sobre adultos e larvas de A. fraterculus em laboratório e campo, comparado ao inseticida fentiona e uma testemunha (água destilada). Em laboratório, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nim foi equivalente a fentiona quando os adultos de A. fraterculus foram expostos via contato e ingestão por 72 horas. No entanto, o inseticida não apresentou efeito (mortalidade de 20%) sobre larvas de A. fraterculus no interior de bagas de uva da cv. ‘Itália’ quando comparado com o inseticida fentiona (100% de mortalidade). Em vinhedo comercial, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nim proporcionou um controle de aproximadamente 40%, sendo inferior a fentiona (100% de controle). Os dois inseticidas não impediram a oviposição de A. fraterculus nas bagas. Conclui-se que, o inseticida RN a base de rotenona e nim apresenta efeito sobre adultos de A. fraterculus não apresentando controle das larvas em uvas da cv. "Itália".